Accounts Recievables MCQs with Explanation

 

  1. Which one of the following qualitative characteristics of accounting information requires the reporting of bad debts in the Income Statement?

 

  1. Relevance
  2. Verifiability
  3. Comparability
  4. Understandability

 

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Explanation: The correct answer is (a).

Relevant accounting information is capable of making a difference in a decision by helping users to form predictions about the outcomes of past, present, and future events or to confirm or correct prior expectations. Recognizing a bad debt expense in the Income Statement and the corresponding decrease in Accounts Receivable balance in the Balance Sheet ensures that the Financial Statements contain all the information that is useful for decision making by the users.

 

  1. Which one of the following statements will best describe a decrease in Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio as compared to the previous year?

 

  1. The company wrote off a large amount of its Accounts Receivables in the current year.
  2. Sales return has decreased during the current period.
  3. The company has changed its payment terms for credit customers from “2/10, net 20” to “2/10, net 30”.
  4. The company has implemented a more stringent credit policy, offering credit only to customers with good credit history.

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

Accounts Receivable Turnover = Net Credit Sales / Average Accounts Receivable.

The Company has changed its payment terms by allowing longer payment period to credit customers (Increase in net credit period from 20 days to 30 days). This change would likely increase the denominator of Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio, average accounts receivable, and thus decrease the receivables turnover ratio.

Decrease in sales return will be having an impact of increasing the net credit sales, while writing off of the receivables and implementing a stricter credit policy will reduce the average amount of accounts receivable for the period. Increase in sales or decrease in average accounts receivable will increase the accounts receivable turnover ratio rather than decreasing it.  

 

 

  1. The journal entry to record a bad debt expense is passed in which of the following Journal?

 

  1. Cash Payment Journal
  2. Sales Journal
  3. General Journal
  4. Cash Receipt Journal

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

A General Journal is used to record infrequent and non-cash transactions which cannot be recorded in the Special Journals. Bad debts, being a non-cash expense, the journal entry to record it is passed in the General journal.

 

  1. ABC Corp. provide “2/20, net 50” credit term to its customers. On January 2nd, it sold good on credit amounting to $1,200. How much should ABC Corp. expect to receive if the customer pays the amount due on January 15th of the same year?

 

    1. $960
    2. $1,150
    3. $1,180
    4. $1,176

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

The customer has paid the balance due within the discount period allowed of 20 days, and thus has availed the benefit of early payment discount. The amount that ABC Corp. should expect to receive will be $1,176 {$1,200 – (1,200*0.02)}.

 

 

 

  1. Brown Glory Corp. has sales revenue of $150,000, sales discount of $12,000, sales returns and allowances of $24,000 and cost of goods sold of $60,000. What will be the net sales revenue of Brown Glory Corp.?

 

    1. $102,000
    2. $54,000
    3. $90,000
    4. $114,000

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

Net sales revenue is the amount after deducting sales discounts and sales returns and allowances from gross sales revenue. Cost of goods sold is deducted from net sales revenue to arrive at gross profit.

 

Gross Sales Revenue – Sales Discounts – Sales returns and allowances

$150,000 - $12,000 - $24,000 = $114,000

 

  1. What is meant by accounts receivable?

 

    1. Money owed to a company by its debtors
    2. Money owed by a company to its creditors
    3. Money owed to a company by its employees
    4. Money owed by a company to its vendors

Explanation: The correct answer is (a).

Accounts receivable is defined as money owed to a company by its debtors. When a company sale goods on credit, it creates a current asset by the name of accounts receivable and book the corresponding revenue. When the cash is received, the asset is reversed.

Answers (b) and (d) are wrong because money owed by company to its creditors and vendors is termed as accounts payable and is classified as a current liability. Answer (c) is wrong because money owed to a company by its employees is termed as loan to employees and is classified as either current or non-current asset depending on the time period left for the recoverability of the loan.

 

 

 

  1. A company has a credit term of “3/15, net 40”. What does the figure 3 refers to in this credit term?

 

    1. Discount period
    2. Discount percentage
    3. Total credit period
    4. None of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

In this credit term of 3/15, net 40, the figure 3 refers to the discount percentage allowed. Discount period is 15 days within which the creditor is required to pay the amount due in order to avail the discount. Total credit period allowed is represented by 40 days.

 

 

 

  1. A discount on the retail price of a product offered by a manufacturer/wholesaler to a retailer is known as:

 

    1. Cash discount
    2. Trade discount
    3. Early payment discount
    4. Volume discount

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

A trade discount is a reduction to the retail price of a product when the goods are sold by a manufacturer to a reseller rather than to the end customer. The reseller then charges the full retail price to its customers in order to earn a profit on the difference between the amount by which the manufacturer sold the product to it and the price at which it then sells the product to the final customer.

The terms cash discount and early payment discount are sometimes used interchangeably and they refer to the reduction in the amount of an invoice that the seller allows to the buyer. A volume discount applies when a customer reaches a certain amount of sales volume during the measurement period (typically a year).

 

 

  1. How is the accounts receivable turnover ratio expressed?

 

    1. Gross Credit Sales / Average Accounts Receivable
    2. Average Accounts receivable / Net Credit sales
    3. Average Accounts Receivable / Total Sales
    4. Net Credit Sales / Average Accounts Receivable

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

The correct formula for accounts receivable turnover ratio involves net credit sales (gross credit sales – sales returns – sales allowances) divided by average accounts receivable for the period. Average accounts receivable are calculated using the beginning and ending balance of accounts receivable for the period and dividing it by two.

 

 

  1. A reduction in the price charged to customers due to a pricing error or the delivery of improper or damaged goods is known as:

 

    1. Sales discount
    2. Provision for doubtful debts
    3. Sales allowance
    4. Provision for discount allowed

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

Sales allowance is a reduction in price offered to customers due to a defect in the sold products or services such as quality issues, shipment delays or incorrect prices charged. Sales discount is a reduction in price in exchange for early payment by the buyer and not due to any defect in the goods or services delivered. Provision for discount allowed is created by the company if it is offering sizeable discounts to customers and want to match the current period revenues with the corresponding expenses. Provision for doubtful debts is an estimated amount of bad debts that may arise from accounts receivable that are not yet collected.  

 

  1. Pearl Inc. has total sales of $300,000 for the year ending 31st December 2015 out of which 70% are credit sales. Sales returns for the period are $12,000 and sales allowance is $10,000. Opening accounts receivable are $45,000 and closing accounts receivable are $62,000. What will be the accounts receivable collection period of Pearl Inc. for the year ending 31st December 2015? 

 

    1. 120 Days
    2. 93 Days
    3. 104 Days
    4. 216 Days

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

Accounts receivable collection period or days sales outstanding are calculated using the following formula:

Average Accounts Receivable / (Annual Net Credit Sales ÷ 365)

Average Accounts Receivable = opening + closing accounts receivables/2 = $45,000+$62,000/2= 53,500

Annual Net Credit Sales = Total sales – cash sales – sales returns – sales allowance

$300,000 – ($300,000*0.3) - $12,000 - $10,000 = $188,000

Hence,

Accounts receivable collection period = $53,500 / ($188,000 ÷ 365) = 104 days

 

 

  1. Accounts receivable collection period is correctly represented by which of the following formula?

 

    1. Total sales / 365
    2. Total credit sales ÷ 365 / Average accounts receivable
    3.  Cash sales + credit sales – sales returns / 365
    4.  Average accounts receivable / (Net credit sales ÷ 365)

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

Accounts receivable collection period or days sales outstanding are calculated using the following formula:

Average Accounts Receivable / (Annual Net Credit Sales ÷ 365)

 

 

  1. ABC Corp. is using the allowance for doubtful accounts method to write off bad debts expenses. For the year ending 31st October 2015, it has written off bad debts expense amounting to $ 5,000. What will be the journal entry for recording this bad debt expense?

 

 

Date

Particulars

Debit

Credit

a

31 Oct

Bad debts expense

$5,000

 

                  Allowance for doubtful debts

 

$5,000

 

b

31 Oct

Allowance for doubtful debts

$5,000

 

                                   Accounts Receivable

 

$5,000

 

c

31 Oct

Bad debts expense

$5,000

 

                                    Accounts Receivable

 

$5,000

 

d

31 Oct

Bad debts expense

$5,000

 

                                                              Cash

 

$5,000

 

 

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

When a company uses allowance for doubtful accounts method, bad debts expense is estimated and recognized in the period in which the relevant revenue is recognized by debiting “bad debt expense account” and crediting the “allowance for doubtful accounts” account. Later on, when it is confirmed that the accounts receivable is no longer collectible, the company debits the allowance for doubtful accounts and credit the accounts receivable.  

 

 

  1. A company is using allowance for doubtful accounts method to account for bad debt expense rather than the direct write off method. It can estimate the bad debts expense for the year using:

 

    1. Percentage of credit sales method
    2. Percentage of total accounts receivable method
    3. Aging of accounts receivable method
    4. All of the above

 

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

A company can estimate its bad debts using either of the above methods while accounting for bad debts expenses using the allowance for doubtful accounts method.

 

  1. Allowance for doubtful accounts have a:

 

    1. Debit balance
    2. Credit balance
    3. Nil balance
    4. Contra balance

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

Allowance for doubtful accounts is a contra asset account. It is used to reduce the accounts receivable balance in balance sheet. Since asset accounts have a normal debit balance, thus allowance for doubtful accounts have a credit balance.

 

 

 

 

  1. Ownership of the goods are transferred to the customer at the time of shipment if the terms of sale are?

 

    1. FOB Destination
    2. FOB Shipping point
    3. CIF
    4. Both a & c are correct

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

FOB stands for Free on board. Ownership of the goods are transferred from seller to the buyer at the time of shipment under the sale terms of FOB shipping point. FOB destination means that the ownership will be transferred to the buyer when the good will arrive at the buyer’s receiving dock. CIF stands for cost, insurance, freight. In a CIF agreement, insurance, freight and other costs are paid by the seller, with liability and costs associated with successful transit paid by the seller up until the goods are received by the buyer.


 

 

 

 

  1. Which of the following method is allowed by U.S. GAAP for writing off of the uncollectible accounts receivable?

 

    1. Direct write off method
    2. Allowance for doubtful accounts method
    3. US GAAP does not allow writing off of uncollectible accounts receivable
    4. Both a & b are correct

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

U.S. GAAP allows the allowance for doubtful accounts method for writing off of the uncollectible accounts receivable. Under the allowance method, the bad debt expense is reported closer to the time of the credit sale. A business uses a conservative estimate of the number of accounts receivable that won’t be paid, relying on the principle of conservatism, and deduct that amount as an allowance for doubtful accounts from accounts receivable. In this way, the accounts receivable are not overstated at the balance sheet.

 

 

  1. Allowance for doubtful accounts is presented in which of the following financial statements?

 

    1. Balance sheet
    2. Income Statement
    3. Cash flow statement
    4. Both a & b

Explanation: The correct answer is (a).

Allowance for doubtful accounts is a contra asset account. It is presented as a deduction from the accounts receivable on the company’s balance sheet.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. ABC corp. estimates that $5,000 of its total accounts receivable will be uncollectible for the year ended 31st October 2015. The allowance for doubtful accounts currently has a credit balance of $3,000. What will be the adjusting entry in general journal for recording the bad debt expense on 31st October 2015?

 

 

 

 

Date

Particulars

Debit

Credit

a

31 Oct

Bad debts expense

$5,000

 

                  Allowance for doubtful debts

 

$5,000

 

b

31 Oct

Allowance for doubtful debts

$3,000

 

                                   Bad debts expense

 

$3,000

 

c

31 Oct

Bad debts expense

$2,000

 

                                    Accounts Receivable

 

$2,000

 

d

31 Oct

Bad debts expense

$2,000

 

                  Allowance for doubtful debts

 

$2,000

 

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

The allowance for doubtful accounts should have a credit balance of $5,000 at the end of October 31st 2015. It currently has $3,000 balance in it. Thus, the adjusting entry required to make the balance of $5,000 in allowance for doubtful accounts will be $2,000 debit to bad debts expense and $2,000 credit to allowance for doubtful accounts.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. An alternative term used for the allowance for doubtful accounts is:

 

    1. Provision for doubtful debts
    2. Endowment for doubtful debts
    3. Discount for doubtful debts
    4. Concession for doubtful debts

Explanation: The correct answer is (a).

An alternative term for allowance for doubtful accounts is the provision for doubtful debts.

 

 

  1. A company which is using allowance for doubtful accounts method to account for uncollectible account receivable will report the bad debts written off during the current year in cash flow statement by:

 

    1. Deducting it from net income in the cash flow from operating activities section of the cash flow statement.
    2. Adding it to net income in the cash flow from operating activities section of the cash flow statement.
    3. Presenting it as a deduction in the financing section of the cash flow statement.
    4. No impact on cash flow statement.

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

Under the allowance method for doubtful accounts, the entry to write off bad debts is a debit to the allowance account (a contra asset account to accounts receivable) and a credit to the accounts receivable; hence, no impact on the net receivable balance and no impact on cash flow statement.

 

 

  1. A financial transaction in which a company sale its accounts receivable to a financing company at a discount is known as:

 

    1. Assignment of accounts receivable
    2. Factoring of accounts receivable
    3. Pledging of accounts receivable
    4. All of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

The sale of accounts receivable of a company to a financing company at discount is known as factoring. Assignment of receivable means the use of receivables as a collateral security for obtaining loan.

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Allowance for doubtful accounts is a:

 

    1. Temporary account
    2. Provisional account
    3. Permanent account
    4. Short term account

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

Allowance for doubtful accounts is a permanent account. It reports on the balance sheet the estimated amount of uncollectible accounts that are included in accounts receivable. Balance sheet accounts are almost always permanent accounts. Their balances are carry forwarded to the next accounting period. Temporary accounts, on the other hand are closed at the year end and their balances are reset to zero by transferring them to retained earnings through an income summary account.

 

 

  1. Which of the following is an example of trade receivables?

 

    1. Amount owed to company by its employees.
    2. Tax refund owed to the company by tax authorities.
    3. Selling of goods on credit in the ordinary course of business.
    4. Insurance claims owed to the company by an insurance company.

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

Trade receivables are current assets that represent the amounts billed by a business to its customers when it deliver goods or services to them in the ordinary course of business. Other options represent examples of non-trade receivables.

 

 

  1. Red Corp. has an accounts receivable turnover ratio of 5 for the year ended 31st October 2015. What will be Red Corp. accounts receivable collection period for the same period?

 

    1. 73 Days
    2. 83 Days
    3. 87 Days
    4. 92 Days

Explanation: The correct answer is (a).

Accounts receivable collection period or days sales outstanding are calculated by dividing 365 by the value of turnover ratio.

365 ÷ 5 = 73

 

 

  1. A company sell goods with a markup of 25% on cost. During the year the company sold goods costing $250,000. What will be the gross profit margin of the company for the year?

 

    1. 20%
    2. 25%
    3. 15%
    4. 5%

Explanation: The correct answer is (a).

Let “C” and “S” represent the cost and selling price respectively and “r” be the percentage markup on cost (C*r). As we know that the sale price minus cost of goods sold is equal to gross profit.

Sales – Cost of sales = Gross Profit

S – C = Cr or

S = C + Cr or

S = C (1 + r)

S = 250,000 (1+0.25) = 312,500

Since, Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit ÷ sales * 100

Hence, Gross Profit Margin = 312,500 – 250,000 / 312,500 * 100 = 20%

 

 

  1. Increase in accounts receivable during the year is presented in the cash flow statement as:

 

    1. An addition to the net income in operating activities section of the cash flow.
    2. A deduction from the net income in operating activities section of the cash flow.
    3. An addition to the financing activities section of the cash flow.
    4. A deduction from the investing activities section of the cash flow.

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

If there is an increase in the accounts receivable during the year, we conclude that the company did not collect cash for all of the sales revenues shown on the income statement. Thus, it is viewed as negative for the company's cash position and is deducted from the net income in the operating activities section of the cash flow statement.

 

 

  1. ABC Corp. records show a total revenue of $200,000, total expenses of $150,000 and net income of $50,000 for the year ended 31st December 2015. If accounts receivable of ABC Corp. increased by $30,000, how much cash did ABC Corp. receive from its customers?

 

    1. $50,000
    2. $200,000
    3. $170,000
    4. $230,000

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

ABC Corp. received $170,000 cash from its customers being total revenue of $200,000 less the increase in accounts receivable of $30,000. The increase in accounts receivable means that the company received less in cash than it reported as revenue.

 

 

  1. Accounts receivable turnover ratio is included in which of the following category of ratios?

 

    1. Liquidity ratios
    2. Activity ratios
    3. Solvency ratios
    4. Profitability ratios

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

Activity ratios evaluate the efficiency of operations of a business. Liquidity and solvency ratios explain the financial position of a business, while profitability ratios measure the ability of a business to earn profit for its owners.

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. A company’s accounts receivable collection period/days sales outstanding has the following trend in the preceding three years.

 

 

2014

2013

2012

Accounts Receivable collection period

35 days

32 days

28 days

 

Based on this data what is the most likely conclusion that can be drawn?

 

  1. Management of accounts receivable has contributed to improve liquidity.
  2. Management of accounts receivable has deteriorated the liquidity.
  3. Management of accounts receivable has contributed to improve profitability.
  4. The company is following a strict credit policy.

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

Increase in accounts receivable collection period deteriorates the liquidity position of the company as the company is taking a longer time to convert its accounts receivable in to cash. Answer (c) is wrong because poor management of accounts receivable collection period leads to erosion of profits due to unpredicted cash inflows and increase in bad debts. Answer (d) is wrong because accounts receivable collection period is showing an increasing trend which indicates that the company is following a lenient credit policy. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Silver Inc. issued $12,000 invoice to a customer on 2nd January 2015, with credit terms of “2/10, net 30”. The customer paid the invoice on 8th January 2015. How would Silver Inc. record this entry in its books of accounts?

 

 

Date

Particulars

Debit

Credit

a

8 Jan

Cash

$12,000

 

                                                       Sales Discount

 

$1,200

                                            Accounts Receivable

 

$10,800

 

b

8 Jan

Cash

$10,800

 

Sales Discount

$1,200

 

                                            Accounts Receivable

 

$12,000

 

c

8 Jan

Cash

$11,760

 

Sales Discount

$240

 

                                            Accounts Receivable

 

$12,000

 

d

8 Jan

Accounts Receivable

$11,760

 

                                                       Sales Discount

 

$240

                                                                        Cash

 

$12,000

 

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

The customer has paid the invoice within the discount period of 10 days and thus has availed the benefit of 2% discount on invoice amount of $12,000. The company will record the cash received less discount allowed as an asset and will record the discount allowed of 2% as a deduction from sales in the income statement. Accounts receivable will be reversed by crediting the account with original invoice amount.

 

  1. What purpose does the aging analysis of debtors serve in an organization?

 

    1. It indicates the age of organization’s customers.
    2. It indicates the maximum number of older customers.
    3. It helps in estimating bad debts expenses.
    4. Both a & c are correct.

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

Aging analysis is used to estimate bad debt expenses under the allowance for doubtful accounts method.

 

 

 

  1. Allowance for doubtful accounts appearing on company’ balance sheet must carry:

 

    1. A debit balance
    2. A zero balance
    3. Either debit or zero balance
    4. Either credit or zero balance

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

Allowance for doubtful accounts is a contra accounts receivable balance. Accounts receivable, being asset, has a normal debit balance. Hence, if allowance for doubtful accounts is reported on company’s balance sheet then it must either carry a zero or credit balance. An allowance for doubtful accounts that appear on company’s balance sheet cannot have a debit balance.

 

 

  1. A company which is using an allowance for doubtful accounts method to account for uncollectible account receivable will record which of the following journal entry if the debt written off is subsequently recovered?

 

 

Date

Particulars

Debit

Credit

A

***

Accounts receivable

$***

 

                  Allowance for doubtful debts

 

$***

 

B

***

Cash

$***

 

                                   Bad debts expense

 

$***

 

C

***

Cash

$***

 

                                    Accounts Receivable

 

$***

 

D

***

Bad debts expense

$***

 

                  Allowance for doubtful debts

 

$***

 

 

 

  1. Entry A only
  2. Both entry A & B
  3. Entry C only
  4. Both entry A & C

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

When a bad debt is recovered, two journal entries are required. One entry is required to reverse the write off of the bad debt which is represented by entry A. The second entry is required to record the collection of cash represented by entry C.

 

 

 

  1. Under the U.S. Income tax laws, which method of reporting losses on accounts receivables is allowed?

 

    1. Allowance for doubtful accounts method
    2. Direct write off method
    3. Reporting of losses on accounts receivable is not allowed
    4. Both a & b are allowed

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

U.S Income tax laws allow only the direct write off method for reporting losses on accounts receivables.

 

 

 

  1. Which of the following is not an item of balance sheet?

 

    1. Accounts receivable
    2. Allowance for doubtful accounts
    3. Bad debts expense
    4. Both b & c

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

Bad debts expense is not part of balance sheet rather it is reported in income statement. Accounts receivable is a current asset and is reported in balance sheet. While allowance for doubtful accounts is a contra accounts receivable account and is also reported in balance sheet.

 

 

 

 

  1. A bad debts expense has a:

 

    1. Debit balance
    2. Credit balance
    3. Contra balance
    4. None of the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (a).

Bad debts expense being an expense item has a debit balance. It is a temporary account and its balance is transferred to retained earnings through an income summary account at the year end.

 

 

 

  1. Bad debts expense is generally classified as a:

 

    1. Current asset on balance sheet
    2. Selling and administrative expense item in income statement
    3. Financing expense item in income statement
    4. Manufacturing expense item in income statement

Explanation: The correct answer is (b).

Bad debts expense relates to selling of goods and services in a business. When a business make a sale on credit, it records an accounts receivable in balance sheet and a corresponding revenue in income statement. If the buyer subsequently do not make the payment, the business records a bad debt expense under selling and administrative expense classification in income statement. The businesses also can make an estimate of bad debt expenses and report them in income statement under the selling and administrative expense classification.

 

 

 

 

  1. A reduction in allowance for doubtful accounts has an effect of:

 

    1. Increasing the net income
    2. Decreasing the net income
    3. Increasing the equity
    4. Both a & c are correct

Explanation: The correct answer is (d).

In case of reduction in doubtful debts account, the allowance account is debited and a corresponding increase is recorded in net income for the year, being the reversal of bad debt expense previously recorded. An increase in net income will increase the retained earnings balance in the equity section of the balance sheet.

 

 

  1. ABC Corp. has average days of sales outstanding of 24 days for the year ended 31st October 2015. ABC Corp. now wants to improve its credit policies with a corresponding effect in the form of lowering the average days of sales outstanding to match the industry standard of 18 days. Credit sales of ABC Corp. were $200,000 for the year ended 31st October 2015 and it expects the credit sales to increase to $250,000 in the next year. In order to achieve the desired goal of decreasing the days sales outstanding from 24 days to 18 days, the change in the average accounts receivable balance that must occur has to be:

 

    1. A decrease of $50,000
    2. An increase of $8,333
    3. A decrease of $824
    4. An increase of $25,000

Explanation: The correct answer is (c).

First calculate the accounts receivable turnover from the above data. Turnover is 15.20 (365/DSO) (365/24) for the year ended 31st October 2015 and is targeted to be 20.27 (365/18) for the next year. The average accounts receivable balance for current year is 13,157 (Sales ÷ turnover) ($200,000 / 15.20) and 12,333 ($250,000 / 20.27) for the next year. The change in receivables that must occur is a decrease of $824 ($13,157 - $12,333).